Process for separating wax from wax-oil mixtures



Patented July 14, 1953 PROCESS FOR SEPARATING WAX FROM WAX-OIL MTXTURES Harold C. Myers and Arnold 0. Pukkila, Woodbury, and Theodor A. Petry, Wenonah, N. J., assignors to Socony-Vacuum Oil Company, Incorporated, a corporation of New York Application July 28, 1949, Serial N 0. 107,318

This invention relates to the separation of wax from wax-oil mixtures or solutions of wax in oil, and is more particularly concerned with a process for dewaxing wax-containing hydrocarbon fractions. More specically, the present invention provides a gravity method for separating Wax or oil from wax-oil mixtures or from solutions of Wax in oil.

As is well known to those familiar With the art, various methods of dewaxing wax-containing hydrocarbon fractions have been proposed and several of them are being utilized in the petroleum industry. These methods fall into three main categories which, for convenience, may be enumerated as follows:

1. Filter press dewaxing of low-viscosity waxcontaining oils with or without dilution with a suitable diluent or solvent.

2. Centrifuge dewaxing of high-Viscosity waxcontaining oils diluted With a suitable diluent or solvent.

3. Solvent dewaxing of lowor high-viscosity wax-containing oils A. Employing filtration for separating wax and oil,

B. Employing centrifugation for separating Wax and oil.

Filter press dewaxing of low-viscosity waxcontaining oils comprises chilling a wax-containing hydrocarbon fraction having a S. U. V. of about 75-80 seconds at 100o E'. to a temperature slightly below that at which the dewaxed hydrocarbonl fraction should flow and, thereafter,

subjectingr the thus chilled hydrocarbon fraction ever, lter press dewaxing is not applicable to This is due to the the treatment of heavy oils. diiculty of filtering oil through the cake formed by the fine crystals of ceresin waxes present in these heavy oils. A

Centrifuge dewaxing comprises passing continuously a chilled solution of residual oil in naphtha through a centrifuge revolving at about 17,000 R. P. M., separating the oil and Wax streams, and subsequently, removing the solvent naphtha therefrom. `Centrifuge dewaxing is generally applicable to the treatment of .residual 13 Claims. (Cl. 19E-18) oils. This is due to the large crystal structure and the resulting poor ow characteristics of the paraflinic waxes present in low-viscosity oils. However, with suitable modications, centrifuge dewaxing can be applied to the processing of distillate oils. Moreover, centrifuge dewaxing has the disadvantage of producing high oil-content Waxes, and oils which, on standing, sometimes develop Wax clouds due to ineffectual dewaxing of the wax-containing residual oil.

The availability of new solvents having given desired characteristics at moderate cost has led to the development of numerous types of solvent dewaxing processes. In general, in these processes, the wax-containing oil is mixed with prescribed amounts of a solvent or diluent and the mixture is chilled to a predetermined temperature. The chilled mixture is then subjected either to a filtering operation or to a centrifuging operation to separate from the oil the Wax which has precipitated during the chilling operation. Finally, the solvent is stripped from the wax and from the dewaxed oil.

The benzol-ketone dewaxing process is typical of these solvent dewaxing processes, and probably, is the most extensively used in the petroleum industry for dewaxing both lowand highviscosity wax-containing oils and for deoiling the waxes thus obtained in rerun processing. In this process, waxy oil or oily wax adxnixed with a solvent'l containing about 40 per cent methylethyl ketone, 52 per cent benzol, and 8 per cent toluol, in a proportion of about 1:3, is chilled to the dewaxing or deoiling temperature by exchange with outgoing products and by refrigeration. Oily and waxy materials are separated by employing a rotary drum-type lter and each is subsequently stripped free of solvent. Dewaxing operations are carried out at temperatures of about minus 30 F. to about plus 20 F., while wax deoiling operations are performed at temperatures as high as 100 F. Generally, dewaxing temperatures are about 20 F. lower than the pour point of the nished oil.

Another widely used solvent dewaxing process is the propane dewaxing process. Propane dewaxing differs from other solvent dewaxing processes in that a liquefied hydrocarbon is utilized in pressure equipment. Chilling to temperatures about S0-40 F. lower than the pour point of the finished oil is effected by self-evaporation of the propane combined, when desirable, with extraneous refrigeration. Filtration is performed with rotary or leaf-type pressure filters. The proportions of solvent to oil are similar to those employed in the benzol-ketone process and the dewaxing or deoiling temperatures vary from about minus 40 F. to about plus 100 F.

Other solvent dewaxing methods such as the Separator-Nobel and Bari-Sol dewaxing processe's, utilize centrifuges for separating oil and wax from solvent-diluted wax-containing oils. The former process employs trichloroethylene as the solvent while the latter utilizes a mixture of benzene with ethylene dichloride as the solvent. In general, the dewaxing or deoiling temperatures are about F. lower than the desired pour point of the dewaxed oil. Solvent-to-oil ratios may be as high as 8: 1.

More recently, new processes for dewaxing wax-containing mineral oils have been proposed. In general, in these processes, waxy oil is dispersed and/or emulsied in various aqueous and/or non-aqueous media, the dispersion or emulsion is then chilled, and, subsequently, oil is leached from the dispersion or the emulsion.

It is well known that there are numerous disadvantages associated with current methods of dewaxing wax-containing distillate stocks and residual oil stocks. 'Ihese disadvantages may be classiiied into two main groups, i. e., those of an operating nature and those of an economic nature. Accordingly, any process which substantially eliminates the inherent technological difculties and minimizes the operating costs of the n processes of the prior art is manifestly highly desirable.

It has now been found that it is possible to effect dewaxing of wax-containing distillate stocks and residual oil stocks in a more efficient, relatively simpler and-more economical manner. It has now been discovered that the foregoing can be achieved through the application of a procedure utilizing a mechanism whereby wax is removed from a dewaxed oil-solvent solution by gravity separation, wax being deoiled `subsequently.

Accordingly, it is `a broad object of the present invention to provide a process for separating wax or oil from wax-oil mixtures or from solutions of wax in oil. Another object is to provide a gravity separation method for separatingk wax or oil from Wax-oil mixtures or from solutions of wax in oil. A further object is to effect dewaxing of wax-containing distillate and residual oils which is efficient, economical, and relatively simple. A very important object is to afford an accelerated gravity separation process for eifecting dewaxing and wax deoiling of Wax-containing oils and of oil-containing waxes, respectively.

Other objects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled' in the art from the following description taken in conjunction with the drawing showing a dia,- grammatic illustration of a plant for practicing the process of the present invention.

It is well known in the art that gravity separation of wax from dewaxed oil-solvent solutions occurs at very slow rates, even when utilizing high-gravity solvents. These rates are of such small magnitude as to preclude any commercial application of dewaxing procedures embodying this method of separation. The rates become especially poor, from the standpoint of commercial feasibility, when it is attempted to process distillate oil stocks containing large, interlocking paraflin wax crystals.

In View of the foregoing and for the purposes of the present invention, it iS pQstulat'ed that the slow rates referred to are attributable to both the crystal habit of waxes and the probable occlusion of dewaxed oil or oil-solvent solution therein, thereby preventing the wax crystals from settling in accordance with their true gravity. In accordance with the present invention, these difficulties are overcome through the conjoint use of surface active agents such as will be defined in more detail hereinafter, and of nonfreezing aqueous solution. It is envisaged that the conjoint use of these materials accomplishes the following:

1. Reduces appreciably the occlusion of dewaxed oil or oil-solvent mixture in the wax product;

2. Contributes to an increase in the difference between the effective specific gravity of the dewaxed oil. or oil-solvent mixture and the effective specific gravity of the wax; and

3. Promotes the agglomeration of the wax crystals in the oil or oil-solvent mixture;

through the attachment of the non-freezing aqueous solution to the wax crystal surfaces in the presence of oil or oil-solvent mixtures. The thus separated wax crystals can be washed with fresh solvent to remove residual oil or they can be washed with non-freezing aqueous solution to remove entrained oil thereby conserving wash solvent.

Fory the primary purpose of providing a more complete understanding of the scope of the present invention, but without any intent of limiting the same, the mechanism whereby wax crystal surfaces are wetted bythe non-freezing aqueous solution, in the presence of oil or of oil-solvent' mixtures, stripped to its essentials, may be postulated to be as follows: In general, a surface active agent is considered to be a compound, usually an organic compound, one extremity of a molecule of which is polar in nature, in this instance, hydrophilic or oil-repellent, while the other is non-polar in nature, in the present case, hydrophobic or water-repellent. Since wax is essentially oily in character, it follows that with respect to the non-polar end of a molecule of a surface active agent, there will be competition between wax and oil or between wax and an oilsolvent mixture. Conceivably, a surface active agent can be chosen or prepared, a molecule of which possesses a non-polar end which is more avid forwax than for oil or for an oil-solvent mixture. Therefore, in a system consisting of a wax phase dispersed in an oil or an oil-solvent phase, the molecules of such a surfacev active agent will adsorb at the wax-oil or waX-oil-solvent mixture interfaces. This, in effect, means that the wax surfaces are coated, at least in part, with an oil-repellent film. Hence, when water or an aqueous solution is added to the system as a third phase, water or the aqueous solution becomes attached to the wax surfaces. The resulting system then will consist' of wax particles at least partially covered with water or aqueous solution dispersed in a continuous oil or oilsolvent phase. The result is that the effective gravity of the wax particles is changed appreciably.

In normal gravity separation of wax from dewaxed oil-solvent solution, separation occurs by motion of the wax particles, with respect to the dewaxed oil or oil-solvent solution, induced by a diiference between the specic gravities of the wax and of the dewaxed oil or oil-solvent solution. Other variables remaining constant, the

rate of motion `of thewax varies inversely as the viscosity of the dewaxed oil or oil-solvent solution and directly as the difference between the specific gravities and the slip coefcient between dewaxed oil or oil-solvent solution and wax. In normal gravity separation, thewax particles `are in direct contact with dewaxed oil or oil-solvent solution and the great amnity of wax for oil or oil-solvent solution results in substantially zero slip at the interfaces therebetween. In accordance with the present invenn tion, the dewaxed oil or oil-solvent solution will be in contact, at least to some appreciable extent, with water. Since a large amount of slip is known to take place at oil-water interfaces, a reduction in resistance to motion inevitablyy follows. Hence, in addition to an increase in the rate of motion caused by an increased difference in specic gravity, the rate of motion is further increased by an increase in the slip coefficient.

In view of the foregoing, it follows, also, that since there is substantially no afnity between oil or oilesolvent and water or aqueous solution, any oil or oil-solvent solution which is separated With the wax product is only such material as is occluded therein. For this reason, it can be removed by washing with water or aqueous solution or solvent thus permitting, theoretically at least, the production of oil-free waxes.

Accordingly, and broadly stated, the present invention provides a process for effecting dewaxing of Wax-containing oils and/or deoiling of oil-containing waxes, collectively, wax-oil mixtures, which comprises adding an aqueous solution which is capable of remaining in substantially the liquid state at the dewaxing temperature, to a wax-oil mixture; treating the mixture thus obtained in the presence of `a surface active agent to disperse the aqueous solution in the wax-oil mixture; cooling the dispersion to dewaxing temperature to produce a wax-aqueous solution phase; and separating the wax-aqueous solution phase.

From the foregoing, it will become apparent to those skilled in the art that the process contemplated herein may be carried out in accordance with several procedures, all of which, nevertheless, are encompassed by the broad statement of invention set forth hereinbefore. By way of illustration, a preferred specific embodiment of the present invention may be practiced as follows: Referring to the drawing, a primary stream I consisting of a wax-oil mixture 2, a low specific gravity solvent 3, and a non-freezing aqueous solution I of a surface active agent is heated to.:

a temperature of about 110 in a heater 5 and mixed in a mixer in the presence of a recycle stream I of wash solvent from the deoiling operation of the process, to produce a dispersion of the aqueous solution in the waxy cil-solvent solution. The dispersion is fed to a chiller 8,

for example, a screw chiller, wherein it is cooled to the cle-waxing temperature, normally 0 F. The eilluent from the chiller .comprising precipitated wax attached to the dispersed aqueous solution droplets 'isjthen fed' to an inlet Shinto the upper section of a tower Iii. The aqueous solution droplets with the attached wax move downwardly from the inlet 9 through the tower I0 at a rate of 0.1 t0 3.0 feet and higher per minute. Fresh solvent II is fed through another chiller I2 to an inlet I3 into the lower portion of the tower Ill, whence it ilows upwardly through the tower IU and countercurrent to the downwardly moving aqueous solutiondroplets with-the attached wax, thereby washing the `latter to reduce the oil-content of the wax. The wash solvent is removed from the tower IU at the relatively constricted section thereof It, just below the inlet 9, and is subsequently employed, as stated hereinbefore, as the recycle stream l, for diluting the primary stream I. The aqueous solution droplets with the attached wax collect at the bottom of the tower I IJ to produce a Wax phase I5 which forms an interface I 6 with the remainder of the contents of the tower I0. The dewaxed oil-solvent solution accumulates in the upper portion of the column I0, above the inlet 9. The interface I6 is kept, preferably, at a level below the inlet I3 and the rate of products take off is maintained Vby an air-operated diaphragm-type level controller I8. The wax phase I 5 is removed from the bottom of the tower I, and is fed toa heater I9, wherein it is heated to a temperature of about F.A The eluent from the heater I9 is fed to a settler 2li to separate'the wax from 'the aqueous solution which may be recycled to the process. The wax product may be finished in a conventional manner. The dewaxed oil-solvent solution I'I is re- 'moved from the top of the tower It and the solvent and oil are separated and recovered in a conventional manner. y

Obviously, when employing high specic gravity solvents, the wax phase will collect at the top of the tower. In this case, the wax phase will be removed from the top of the tower, the dewaxed cil-solvent will be removed from the bottom of the tower, and the wash solvent will be similarly drawn from an intermediate level for recycle to the primary stream for dilution purposes.

In generaL'any wax-containing oil or any oilcontaining wax is emenable to the process of the present invention. The charge stock may be either a distillate stock or. a residual stock or oily waxes obtained therefrom. Wax-bearing mineral oils, brown coal tar oils, animal oils, shale oils, vegetable oils and synthetically produced oils, any of which may have been previously subjected to a deasphalting treatment or other treatment for the purpose of improving their physical and/or their chemical nature may be mentioned by way of non-limiting examples of materials. suitable as charge stocks for the process contemplated herein. There appears to be nothing critical in the amount of wax present in the wax-containing oils or in the amounts of oil present' in the oil-containing waxes to be treated.; Thus,` the wax-content of the charge "stocks may vary betweenfabout 0.1 percent and about 99.9 per cent by weight. On the other hand, the amount of wax present in either of the mixtures is largely` determina-tive of the fluidity of the charge to the process.

Accordingly, in practicing the invention, it is usually desirable, although not essential, to increase the `uidity of. the charge to the process by the addition" of an oil-miscible diluent or solvent. For this purpose, the oil-solvents of the lprior art may be used. It has been found that a suitable diluent, in general, should possess the following properties. It should be substantially completely miscible with the stock to be treated, it should be substantially insoluble in and im- `miscible with water, it should possess, preferably, av low viscosity coeiiicient, it should not manifest any substantial tendency to emulsify under the conditions of the process, it should be a poor s01- vent for solid WaxA at the dewaxing temperature,

it must not disturb the adsorption of the molecules of the' surface active agent at the solid Wax surfaces, it must not affect, to any appreciable extent, the tendency of the surface active agent to adsorb at the solid Wax surfaces, and, finally, it should not displace water from the wateror aqueous solution-coated wax surfaces. Hydrocarbons such as propane, butane, pentane, propene, butenes, pentenes, naphtha, gasoline, benzene and kerosene, and trichloroethylene, methylethyl ketone, ethylene dichloride, methyl chloride, carbon tetrachloride, acetone, and mixtures thereof such as methylethyl ketone-benzene mixtures, acetonitrile-benzene mixtures, ethyl carbonate-propane mixtures, may be mentioned by way of non-limiting examples of diluents or solvents suitable for the purposes of the present invention.

There appears to be nothing critical in the amounts of diluent or solvent used. As stated hereinbefore, the primary purpose of the diluent is to increase the fluidity of the charge to the process. Accordingly, the amounts of solvent used may vary between wide limits. Ordinarily, amounts to produce between about 0.5:1 and about 20:1, preferably between about 2:1 and about 4:1, (volume of solvent to volume of charge stock) dilution are employed. The solvent may be added to the oil at any time during the process and may be added in fractions of the total amount to be used over a period of time prior to the inal separation step. In practice, the solvent is added usually prior to or *during the chillingistep.

Generally speaking, the surface active agents utilizable herein are those which are known as such in the prior art. As stated hereinbefore, the surface active agents are characterized by molecules having a hydrophobic group (the non-polar group) and a hydrophilic group (the polar group) The surface activity of the molecules in an aqueous-nonaqueous system (in the broad sense), such as exists in the process of the present invention, is due to the adsorption of the molecules at an interface. In general, it may be stated that the preferred surface active agents applicable herein are those in which the hydrophobic portion of the molecule is hydrocarbon-like in nature, especially those in which the hydrophobic portion approaches in molecular weight that of the wax to be separated, and the hydrophilic portion is a radical selected from the group consisting of -OH, ,-SOaH, GOOI-I, -CO, -NH2, -NO2, -N.N, -N:N.N, -CSNI-I, CONH, COO, -COC-, -SO4, P045, -POsI-Iz, -POzI-I, and -SO3M, wherein M Yis the hydrogen equivalent of a metal. These criteria, therefore, aiord the basis for a classification of the various types of surface. active agents suitable for the purposes contemplated herein. For convenience, the types may be tabulated as follows:

TABLE I Types of surface active agents TYPE A Group Namel Formula of au Example ester. Metal sulfonate of a fatty acid amide. Fatty acidamlde ethyl dialkyl amine.

RCOOCHZCHOHCHZOH. RCOOCHzCHQSOsNa.

Wherein R,.R, R and R" are alkyl or alkenyl radical X is a halogen, and

1L is a whole number.

A number of surface active agents were tested in accordance with the procedure set forth in the specic embodiment described hereinbefore, and Were found to be effective in the operation of the process. For convenience, these materials are tabulated in Table II.

TABLE II Electi'ue surface active agents Chemical Name or Formula Trade Name Nekal A.

OSOsNa CllH (0133):

2. HzCEKCHa): Nekal B.

OSOaNa CHQCEHCHM C14H20SO4N8; C17H34SO4N8,

Sodium wax phenol sulfonate Sorbitan monostearate* )S N (owHmCHmsoaNa O (C1BH37)2P% (CxnHazP/ ONa Footnote at end of table.

Chemical Name or Formula Trade Name *Sorbitan is derived from the dehydration of sorbitol:

H H H III nu Hic-('-(IJ-o-C-onz H (|)H (|)H Hy to cause ring closure through'an ether link age to produce a six member ring, or

H 0H H n nu mC-(IJ-(J--cl--ol-om o um] to cause ring closure through an ether linkage to produce a vemember ring.

The surface active agents enumerated in Table II are illustrative of specific surface active agents operable in the process of the present invention. Alkali metal wax aromatic sulfonates or alkali metal waX oxyaromatic sulfonates are typical of one of the preferred classes of surface active agents to be used herein and in order to furnish the criteria to be applied in the selection of a surface active agent which will give optimum results with a given charge stock, further discussion of surface active agents utilizable herein will be had in conjunction with this class.

Materials known as wax phenol sodium sul fonate, for example, may be prepared, as is well known in the art, in accordance with the following procedure (U. S. patent to Reiff et al., No. 2,252,666) A parafn wax melting at about 120 F. and predominantly comprised of compounds having at least 20 carbon atoms per molecule is chlorinated by heating to about 200 F. and bubbling chlorine therethrough until the chlorwax obtained contains from about per cent to about 21 per cent by weight of chlorine. The chlorwax is then condensed with phenol, at a temperature of about 350 F. and in the presence of about 4 per cent to about 10 per cent by Weight of an aluminum chloride Friedel-Crafts catalyst, to produce wax-substituted phenol. This product is treated with chlorsulfonic acid in amounts, on a weight basis, of about 100-175 per cent of theoretical, in a conventional sulfonation operation, at a temperature of about 12S-200 F., and the product thus obtained is neutralized with sodiiun hydroxide in amounts, on a weight basis, of about 120-150 per cent of theoretical, at a temperature of about 150 F.

In general, the structure of the materials known as wax phenol metal sulfonates is Visualized to be as follows:

Rn SOsM wherein R may be wax or other hydrocarbon radical of comparable chain length, M is the hydrogen equivalent of a metal, and n is 1 to 3. The wax groups may -be derived from a fraction 10 of a viscous mineral oil ranging in molecular weight from that of a light wax distillate to a heavy residuum.

Materials known as wax phenol (1-14) sodium sulfonate are a good example of a surface active agent useful in the process of the present invention. With respect to the connotation (1-14) the first number indicates the theoretical degree of alkylation, i. e., the atomic proportions of chlorine in the chlorwax which is reacted with one mol of the hydroxy aromatic compound, and the second number indicates the weight per cent of chlorine in the chlorwax. rThe wax phenol (1-14) sodium sulfonate actually is a mixture of the mono-wax phenol sulfonate, the diwaX phenol sulionate, and of some poly-wax phenol sulfonates.

The test for determining whether a surface active agent will be operable or not in the process of the present invention is the bubble machine test [see Engineering and Mining Journal, 137, 291 (1936)] equipped with a cold stage. In this test, a piece of wax of the type to be removed and having at least one relatively flat surface is mmersed in the oil-wax or oil-waX-solvent mixture to be dewaxed containing 0.1 per cent by weight of the surface active agent to be tested. The system is then cooled to the dewaxing temperature. A droplet of non-freezing aqueous solution containing 0.1 per cent by weight of the surface active agent to be tested, is placed in a bubble holder and the droplet is then permitted to come into contact with the wax surface. If a finite three-phase (from wax through oil or oil-solvent to the non-freezing aqueous solution) contact angle can be measured, the surface active agent being tested will be operable in the process of the present invention. The larger the three-phase contact angle, the more eifectual the surface active agent will be in the process. Therefore, if the non-freezing aqueous solution spreads over the entire at wax surface (contact angle=), the surface active agent being tested will be very eiectual. Accordingly, the surface active agents operable herein can be defined as those which produce a finite three-phase contact angle in the 1bubble machine test at the dewaxing temperaure.

Using the bubble machine test, a number of surface active agents were tested with the following results:

TABLE III [Non-freezing aqueous solution=60% water-M07 ethylene gl col- O1l solvent=52% benzol, 40% methyl-ethyl ketonle and 8% toluL] Three-Phase Contact Angle, Degrees Surface Active Agent Micro- Paraflin crystalline Wax Wax Sodium Wax Phenol (1-14) Sulfouate 17 17 Terg. 22 10 22 10 50 50 43 10 47 10 36 10 24 10 24 10 60 10 30 10 The amounts of surface active agent to be used may vary between wide limits. Ordinarily, eX- cessive amounts are to be avoided since it has been found that they effect emulsication of the oil or oil-solvent mixture in the non-freezing aqueous solution. On the other hand, the use of Il insufficient amounts will result Ain an incomplete separation of the wax. Ingeneral, the amounts of surface active agent to be used depend upon the amount of wax present in the stock ,undergoing treatment. Obviously, the loptimum amounts to be utilized in any given `instance can be readily determined by those skilled'in the art by a few preliminary tests. In practicing the invention, it has .been found that amounts varying between about 0.01 per cent and about per cent, preferably, between about 0.3 per cent `and Vabout 3 per centybased on the weight of the waxcontaining oil or oil-containing wax in the charge willproduce satisfactory results.

The surface active agent is ordinarily :added to the charge as a solution in water. In conformance with the mechanism-of operationpostulated hereinbefore, the water'is an essential ,factor in the successful operation oftheprocess'of the present invention, the waxsurfaces becoming. at least partially covered with water or aqueous solution. The'amounts tofbe used depend uponthe amount of wax present in thestock undergoing treatment. Obviously, the optimumamounts to beutilized in anygiveninstance can be readily determined by those skilled in the art by a few `-preliminary tests. In practice, it has been found that amounts varying between about 1 per cent and about 200 Yper cent,preferably`between about 25 per cent and about 75 per cent, based on the weight ofthe waxcontaining oil or oil-containing .wax in the charge will produce satisfactory results.

Also in accordance vwith the `modus operandi ofthe process of the present invention, it islikewiseessential that the water remain in the liquid `state at the dewaxing `temperatures utilized. `vAccordingly, Various substancesare added to the waterto low-erits freezingpoint to a temperature below that at which dewaxing is effected. These substances, preferably, `should be substantially completely solu-ble in and miscible I.with water, they should not manifest any Ysubstantial tendency to emulsify under the conditions of the process, they should be poor solvents Vfor solid wax at the dewaxing temperatures, theyfmust not disturb `the-adsorption of the molecules of rthe;sur face active agent at the solid wax surfaces, and, nally, they must not affect, to any appreciable extent,the tendency fof rthe surface active agent to concentrate at the solid wax surfaces. Ethylene glycol, sodiumchloride, colloidal silica, and glycerine may be mentioned by way of non-limit- -ing examples of substances adapted to produce non-freezing aqueous solutions utilizable in the process contemplated herein.

The amounts of these substances to be employed, obviously, will depend on the amount of water being utilized, and on the type of material being used for such purposes. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the amounts to be used in any particular case can be readily determined by a few preliminary tests once the dewaxing temperature to be applied has been established, the criteria applicable being,.as stated hereinbeiore, to maintain the water solution in the liquid state at dewaxing temperatures.

fIn thisy connection, Vit must be notedthat Iwhen substances such as, for example, sodium chloride, potassium chloride or sodium carbonataare employed to produce a non-freezing -aqueous solution 'of surface -active agent, the dispersion of aqueous solution droplets with the attached wax has the appearance of sand. This type of dispersion is conducive .to more effective solvent deoiling.

Agitation isrnecessary jto `effect dispersion of the non-freezing .aqueous solution in the waxbearing-oil and to ensure collision .between the dispersed laqueous solution Ydroplets .and .wax -particles during and after chilling. In general, more violent agitation lis desirable when processing distillate stocks.

In order to facilitate the dispersion of the nonfreezing aqueous solution in the wax-oil mixture during the initial stages of the process and, also, to ensure that the wax-oil mixture or wax-oilsolvent Y mixture constitutes a homogeneous -liquid -phase Aat .the beginning -of -the treatment,

it is ordinarilyfpreferredrto 2heat lthe mixture lto temperatures 'varying between about 100 F. and about 200 during the dispersion operation. The temperature to be utilized to produce optimum results will depend upon the nature of the stock undergoing treatment.

The dewaxingtempera'tures applicable inthe process are those-of the :prior-art, i. e., between about 40 F. and about 100 F. It must be recognized, of course, that 'the dewaxing temperature applicable iin any particular instance will depend uponthe nature of the system, i. e.,

'the surface active agent utilized, the .type of aqueous solution, the type of dewaxing solvent, etc.

The rate at which thetemperature of the mixture is lowered to dewaxing temperature (the chilling rate) is not a critical factor, although, as it'will lie-appreciated by those skilled in the art, an important factor. The chilling rate, as is well known, is determinative ,of the size of the wax crystals "that :precipitate out during Athe chilling operation. For general purposes, it'has been found that vanaverage chilling rate of about 10 Fyper hourto-about 500 F. per hour is conducive to optimum results. In general, the higher chilling rates are preferred whenprocessing'distillate stocks whilethe lower chilling'rates are employed'preferably when treating residual stocks.

Although the yforegoing .discussion has indicated a .preferred sequence of the addition ofthe Various Vcomponents to the system and of the manipulations involve'd in the process, it must .be clearly .understood that departures from them may be made. For example, 4the wax-oil mixtures, the oil solvent,and thenon-freezing aqueous solution of surface active agent, may be separately chilled and then mixed at any vtemperature down to the dewaxing temperature. ,Finally, instead-of a tower, tanks, filters, centrifuges and the like can be used toeffect .the separation of the wateror aqueous solution-wetted wax particlesor crystals from the oil or oil-solvent-mixtures- It-will beapparent also that the process may be operated .as a .batch vor .discontinuous process `or as va continuous process. Moreover, .in `many .casesVit will be foundvto-be advantageous to carry out the 4operation in stages. `For example, thedewaxing-may bereffected at decreasingl-y lower ykdewaxing temperatures, down to the iinal dewaxing temperature, the operation contemplated herein being carried out in each stage with the dewaxed product of each stage constituting the charge stock for the subsequent stage.

The following examplesfare for the purpose of illustrating modes of'carrying out the process of the 4present invention and to point out .the advantages thereof,itlbeingunderstood that the inventionis not to be consideredas being limited to the specic stocks, surface activeagents, oil

solvents and aqueous solutions or to the ilianipulations, apparatuses, and conditions set forth therein. As it Will be apparent to those skilled in the art, a wide variety of stocks, surface active agents, oil solvents and aqueous solutions and a diversity of apparatuses, manipulations and conditions, as described hereinbefore, may be employed to carry out the dewaxing or deoiling operation.

EXAMPLES l1 THROUGH 4 In each of the following runs, a solvent-refined Mid-Continent-type residual oil having a Saybolt Universal viscosity of 95 seconds at 210 F Was refiuxeol with a solvent at a temperature of 100- 15 126 F., and then, where indicated, a non-freezing aqueous Solution or a non-freezing aqueous solution of a surface active agent was added to the mixture. The mixture thus obtained was chilled to a temperature of F. at various rates while under mild agitation. rIhe chilled mixture was then placed in a cylinder and the separation rate of the wax from the liquid thus measured. For convenience, the pertinent data and the results obtained in each run are set forth in Table IV.

used, the separation rates are 0.7 and 1.36 feet per minute.

EXAMPLE '5 In order to show that the process of the present invention is applicable to the treatment of distillate stocks, the run of Example 4 was repeated except that a Mid-Continent-type wax distillate having a Saybolt Universal viscosity of 36 seconds at 210 F. was used instead of the residual oil. A settling rate of 1.6 feet per minute, a Wax containing 34 per cent yloy weight of oil, and an oil having a pour point of F. were obtained.

EXAMPLES e THROUGH 11 The procedure of Example 3 was repeated in TABLE IV To show the effect of surface active agents Example No l Solvent, Percent by Volume.

Dilution Ratio: Volume of Solvent to Volume of Trichloro Ethylene.

35% Trichloro Ethylene--. tone 10% Toluol Charge Stock 6:1 6:1 6:1 3:1. Non-Freezing Aqueous Solu- 35W Eth 1 G1 l 35 y ene yco 7 Ethylene Glycol 357 Ethylene Glycol. 51011, Percent V01 {65953 Water {6573 Water 6573 Water. Volume of Non-Freezing Aqueuhsolutis? iro V01- o 5 i o 5 1 0 75 1 umeo arge oc Surface Active Agent (l-Sllfaaitrephenol Sodium (l VSV-lzlletiol sod- Percent by Weight of Charge Stock 1.0 2.5. Chilling Rate, F. per Hour.. 10 300. Wax Settling Rate, Feet per Minute 0.7 1.35. Inspection of Products:

Wax, Oil-Content, Percent by Weight g. 4 9.

Oil, Pour Point, "F

From these data, it will be seen that the use of a non-freezing aqueous solution of a surface active agent is essential to the successful operation of the process of the present invention.

each of the following runs with the exception that the surface active agent and the charge stock were different in each instance. For convenience, the data are set forth in Table V.

1 Residuum-having a Saybolt Universal viscosity of 90Lsecoudsat 210 F.

2 Wax distillate having a Saybolt Universal viscosity of 36 seconds at 210 F.

It Will .be seen that commercially feasible Wax separation rates can be obtained using a Wide variety of surface active agents. Each ofnthese surface active agents produces a finite threephase contact angle in the bubble machine test at dewaxing temperatures.

EXAMPLE 12 ...In .Order :to shoW that inorganic .compounds may be used for producing non-freezing aqueous solutions, :the .run set .forth in Example 3 was repeated .except that the non-freezing aqueous `solutiouvvas 2a23 .percent solution of sodium Vchloride in Water. A settling rate of 0.3 feet per minute, a wax-containing .43.2per1centby weight of oil, 4Aand anfoilihaving a pour.pointof'3 Were obtained. I

EXAMBLES :13, '14. .AND .1'5

These threeexamples demonstrate the commercial feasibility of the process of the present invention. The three runs were ,made in the plant illustrated .diagrammatically `in-the -drawv The 4ing and discussed in detail hereinbefore pertinent data and the results obtained are Aset forthinTable VI.

In view of the foregoing, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that surface active agents `operableinthe process contemplated here- Yin may be present in, or, maybeintroduced into, the system through the WaX-oil mixturefthrough the. solvent, or, .possibly, through the substances -tive agent to -the system, or iboth, will be inltended.

from the foregoingfgtliat invention provides .an ,efcienty It will beV apparent the present Y economical, and relativelysimple process :forfetvfecting gravity separation of -Wax or oil from wax-oil mixtures. It will be appreciated by those skilledl in the Aart "that the present invention may TABLE VI Example No 13 Charge Stock -Mid Continent TypedWaX .Disuilate s. U. was" YSolvent Refined Mid-Conti- Crude Scale Wax, 2% Wt. Oil, nent-Type Residual Oil. M. P. l20.5 F.

Solvent, Percent Vol Non-Freezing Aqueous, Solution by Volurne.

.Surface Active Agent Surface Active Agent, Solution, Percent Wt.

Charge, v\.olume: Charge Overall Smface Active AgentSolution.

Dewaxing Temperature Inspections:

Oil, Pour Point Wax, Percent Wt.; O il Petrolatum, Percent Wt. Qil

Stock 40% Methy1 -E thyi- -Ketone-i- 1 50% Benzol .-1- 10% Toluol.

60% Water '-I- 40% Ethylene YGfl ol (1-14) Wax Phenol .Sodium HSulfonate 1.

97.15% Non-Freezing Aqueous Solution 2.6% (1-14) Wax Phenol Sodium Sulfonate1 -I- 0.25% NaCl.

I40% Methyl Ethyl Ketone 50% Benzol -1- 10% Toluol. 60%.] Walter -1- 40% Ethylene yc (1-14) Wax Phenol Sodium Sulfonate 1. 97.8% Non-Freezing Aqueous Solution 2.2% (1-14) Wax Phenol Sodium Sulfonate 2.

40% Methyl Ethyl Ketonc 50% Benzol 10% Toluol. 60% Walter 40% Ethylene (1-14) Wax Phenol Sodium Sulfonate 1.

88.9% Non-Freezing Aqueous Solution 2.3% (1-14) Wax Phenol Sodium Sulfonate 1-|- 8.8% NaCl.

4.00. 1.90 (Discarded). 4.00.

1 Wax phenol sulfonate derived from scale wax. 2 Wax phenol sulfonate derived from low-melting point fraction of petrolatum.

be embodied in other specific forms Without departing from the spirit or essential attributes thereof. Accordingly, it must be clearly understood that the present embodiments be considered in all respects illustrative and not restrictive, reference being had to the appended claims rather than to the foregoing description to indicate the scope of the invention.

What is claimed is:

i l. A process for separating Wax and oil from a wax-oil mixture, which comprises adding an aqueous solution, which is capable of remaining in substantially the liquid state at the dewaxing l temperature, to. said Wax-oil mixture, in an amount varying between about one per cent and aboutV 200 per cent, based on the Weight of the wax-oil mixture, to'produce an aqueous solution- Wax-oil mixture; treating said aqueous solutionwax-oil mixture, in the presence of a surface active agent that produces a nite three-phase contact angle in the bubble machine test at the dewaxing temperature, in amounts of at least about `0.01 per cent, based on the Weight of the wax-oil mixture, but less than the amount necessary to promote .formation of a Wax-oil mixturein-aqueous solution emulsion in which the aqueous solution is the continuous phase, to produce a dispersion in Which the aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and the Wax-oil mixture is the continuous phase, and to associate Wax With said dispersed phase, thereby producing a dispersed Wax-aqueous solution phase, said dispersion being maintained at the deWaxing temperature, Whereby Wax is present in the solid state; and separating said dispersed Wax-aqueous solution phase from said dispersion.

2. A process for separating Wax and oil from a Wax-oil mixture, which comprises adding an aqueous solution, which is capable of remaining in substantially the liquid state at the dewaxing temperature, to said wax-oil mixture, in an amount Varyingbetween about one per cent and about 200 per cent, based on the Weight of the Wax-oil mixture, to produce an aqueous solution- Wax-oil mixture; treating said aqueous solution- Wax-oil mixture, in the presence of a surface active agent that produces a nite three-phase contact angle in the bubble machine test at the dewaxing temperature, in amounts of at least about 0.01 per cent, based on the Weight of the Wax-oil mixture, but less than the amount necessary to promote formation of a Wax-oil mixturein-aqueous solution emulsion in which the aqueous solution is the continuous phase, to produce a dispersion in which the aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and the wax-oil mixture is the continuous phase; cooling said dispersion to the dewaxing temperature to precipitate Wax; continuing said treating to associate Wax with said dispersed phase and to produce a dispersed waxaqueous solution phase; and separating said dispersed Wax-aqueous solution phase from said dispersion.

3. A process for separating Wax and oil from a Wax-oil mixture, which comprises adding a solvent to said Wax-oil mixture to produce a solvent-Wax-oil mixture; adding an aqueous solution, which is capable of remaining in substantially the liquid state at the dewaxing temperature, to said solvent-Wax-oil mixture, in an amount varying between about one per cent and about 200 per cent, based on the Weight of the Wax-oil mixture, to produce an aqueous solutionsolvent-wax-oil mixture; treating said aqueous solution-solvent-Wax-oil mixture, in the presence 18 oflasurface active agent that produces a nite three-phase contact angle in the bubble machine test at the dewaxing temperature, in amounts of at least about 0.01 per cent, based on the Weight of the Wax-oil mixture, but less than the amount necessary to promote formation of a solvent-waxoil mixture-in-aqueous solution emulsion in which the aqueous solution is the continuous phase, to produce a dispersion in which the aqueous solution isfthe dispersed phase and the solvent-Waxoil mixture is the continuous phase; cooling said dispersion to thev dewaxing temperature to precipitatewax; continuing said treating to associate wax With said dispersed phase and to produce a dispersed Wax-aqueous solution phase; and separating said dispersed Wax-aqueous Vsolution phase from said dispersion.

4. A process for separating Wax and oil from a'Wax-oil mixture, Whichcomprises cooling said Wax-oil mixture to the lewaxing temperature to precipitate Wax; cooling an aqueous solution which is capable of remaining in substantially the liquid state at the dewaxing temperature to the dewaxing temperature; adding said aqueous solution to said Wax-oil mixture, at the deWaxing temperature, in an amount varying between about one per cent and about 200 per cent, based on the weight of the Wax-oil mixture, to produce an aqueous solution-Wax-oil mixture; treating said aqueous solution-Wax-oil mixture at the de- Waxing temperature, in the presence of a surface `active agent that produces a nite threephase contact angle in the bubble machine test at the dewaxing temperature, in amounts of at least about 0.01 per cent, based on the Weight of the Wax-oil mixture, but less than the amount necessary to promote formation of a Wax-oil mixture-in-aqueous solution emulsion in which the aqueous solution is the continuous phase, to produce a dispersion in which the aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and the Wax-oil mixture is the continuous phase, and to' associate Wax with said dispersed phase, thereby producing a dispersed wax-aqueous solution phase; and separating said dispersed Wax-aqueous solution phase from said dispersion. A

5. A process for separating Wax and oil from a Wax-oil mixture, which comprises adding a solvent to said Wax-oil mixture to produce a sol- Vent-Wax-oil mixture; cooling said solvent-waxoil mixture to the dewaxing temperature to precipitate Wax; cooling an aqueous solution which is capable of remaining in substantially the liquid state at the dewaxing temperature to the dewaxing temperature; adding said aqueous solution to said solVent-Wax-oil mixture, at the dewaxing temperature, in an amount varying between about one per cent and about 200 per cent, based on the Weight of the Wax-oil mixture, to produce an aqueous solution-solventwax-oil mixture; treating said aqueous solutionsolvent-Wax-oil mixture at the dewaxing temperature, in the presence of a surface active agent that; produces anite three-phase contact angle in" the bubble machine test at the dewaxing temperature, in amounts of at least about 0.01 per cent, based on the Weight of the Wax-oil mixture, but lessthan the amount necessary to promote formation of a solvent-Wax-oil mixture-in-aqueous solution emulsion in which the aqueous solution is the continuous phase, to produce a dispersion in which the aqueous solution is the dispersed phaseand the solvent-Wax-oil mixture is the continuous phase, and to associate wax with said dispersed phase, thereby producing a Vdispersed Wax-aqueous solution phase; and separating said dispersed Wax-aqueous solution phase from said dispersion.

6. ,A process for separating lWax and oil from a Wax-oil mixture, which comprises adding a solvent to said wax-oil mixture in an amount to produce a solVent-Wax-oil mixture in which the solvent to Wax-oil mixture volume ratio varies between about 0.5:1 and `about 20:1; adding an aqueous solution, Which is capable of remaining in substantially the liquid state at the de- Waxing temperature, to said solvent-Wax-oil mixture, in an amount varying between about one per cent and about 200 per cent, based on the Weight of the Wax-oil mixture, to produce an aqueous solution-solvent-Wax-oil mixture; agitating said aqueous solution-solvent-Wax-oilmixture, in the presence of a surface active agent that produces a nite three-,phase contact angle in the bubble machine test at the dewaxing temperature, in amounts of at least about 0.01 per cent, based on the Weight of the YWax-oil mixture, but less than the amount necessary to promote .formation of a solvent-Wax-oil mixture-inaqueous solution emulsion in which the aqueous solution is the continuous phase, to produce a dispersion in Wliichthe aqueous solution is the Y dispersed phase and the solvent-Wax-oil mixture is the continuous phase; cooling said dispersion to the dewaxing temperature to precipitate Wax; continuing said yagitating to associate Wax with said dispersed phase and to produce a dispersed Wax-aqueous vsolution phase; and separating said dispersed Wax-aqueous solution phase from said dispersion.

7. A process for separating Wax and oil from a wax-oil mixture, which comprises adding a solvent to said Wax-oil mixture in an amount to produce a .solvent-Wax-oil `mixture in which the solvent to wax-oil mixture volume ratio varies between about 0.5:1 and about 20:1; cooling said solvent-Wax-oil mixture to the dewaxing temperature to precipitate wax; cooling van aqueous solution which is capable of remaining in substantially the liquid state at the dewaxing temperature to the dewaxing temperature; adding said aqueous solution yto said solvent-Waxo-il mixture, at` the dewaxing temperature, in an amount varying between about, one per cent and about 200 per cent, based on the Weight of the Wax-oil mixture, to produce an aqueous soluztion-solvent-Wax-oil mixture; agitati-ng said aqueous so'lution-solVent-Wax-oil mixture at the dewaxing temperature, inthe Ipresen-ce of a surface active agent that produces a finite three-phase contac-t yangle vin the bubble machine Vtest at the `dewaxing Ytemperature, in amounts of at least about 0.01 per cent, based on the Weight of the Wax-oil mixture, but less than the amount necessary to promote formation of a solvent-wax-oil mixture-in-aqueous Solution emulsion Vin which the aqueous solution is the continuous phase, toproduce a dispersionr in which the aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and the solvent-Wax-oil mixture is the con# tinuous phase, vand to associate Wax with said dispersed phase, thereby producing a dispersed Waxaqueous solution phase; and separating said dispersed wax-aqueous solution phase from said dispersion. o

8. A process lfor separating Wax and oil from a Wax-oil mixture, which comprises adding a solvent to said wax-oil mixture to produce a solvent-Wax-oil mixture; adding an aqueous solution, which is capable of remaining in substantially the liquid state at the dewaxing temperature, to said solvent-Wax-oil mixture, in an amount varying between about one per cent and about 200 per cent, 'based on the Weight of the wax-oil mixture, to produce an aqueous solutionsolvent-Wax-oil mixture; agitating said aqueous solution-solVent-Wax-oi1 mixture, in the 'presence of an alkyl-substituted aryl `sodium sulfonate that produces a finite three-phase contact angle `in the bubble machine test at the dewaxing temperature, in amounts of at least about 0.01 per cent, based on the Weight of the Waxoil mixture, but less than the amount rnecessary to promote formation of a solvent-Wax-oil mixture-in-aqueous solution emulsion in which the aqueous solution isithe continuous phase, to produce -a dispersion in which the aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and the Ysolvent-wax-oil mixture is the continuous phase; cooling said dispersion to the dewaxing temperature to precipitate Wax; continuing said agitating to associate Wax With said dispersed lphase and to produce a dispersed Wax-aqueous solution phase; and separating said 'dispersed Wax-aqueous solution phase from said dispersion.

9. A kprocess for separating Wax and oil from a Wax-oil mixture, which comprises adding a solvent to said Wax-oil mixture to produce a solvent-Wax-oil mixture; Vcooling said s-olvent- Wax-oil mixture to the dewaxing temperature to precipitate wax; cooling an aqueous solution which is capable of remaining in substantially the liquid state at the dewaxing temperature to the dewaxing temperature; adding said aqueous solution to said solvent-Wax-oil mixture, at the dewaxing temperature, in an amount varying between about one per cent and about 200 per cent, based on the Weight of the wax-oil mixture, to produce an aqueous solution-solvent-wax-oil mixture; agitating saidaqueous solution-solvent- Wax-oil mixture at the dewaxing temperature, in the presence of an alkyl-substituted aryl sodium sulfonate that produces a nite three-phase contact angle in the bubble machine test at the de- Waxing temperature, in amounts of at least about 0.01 per cent, based on the Weight of the Waxoil mixture, but less than the amount necessary to promote formation of a solVent-wax-oil mixture-in-aqueous solution emulsion in which the aqueous solution is the continuous phase, to produce a dispersion in which the aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and the solvent-Wax-oil mixture is the continuous phase, and to associate Wax With said dispersed phase, thereby producing a dispersed wax-aqueous solution phase; and separating said dispersed wax-aqueous solution phase from said dispersion.

10. A process for separating wax and oil from a Wax-oil mixture, which comprises adding a solvent to said wax-oil mixture to produce a solvent-Wax-oil mixture; adding an aqueous solution, which is capable of remaining in substan- I tially the liquid state at the dewaxing tempera- 21 ous phase; cooling said dispersion to the dewaxing temperature to precipitate wax; continuing said agitating to associate wax with said dispersed phase and to produce a dispersed waxaqueous solution phase; and separating saidI dispersed wax-aqueous solution phase from said dispersion.

11. A process for separating wax and oil from a Wax-oil mixture, which comprises adding a solvent to said wax-oil mixture to produce a sol- Vent-wax-oil mixture; cooling said solvent-waxoil mixture to the dewaxing temperature to: precipitate wax; cooling an aqueous solution which is capable of remaining in substantially the liquid state at the dewaxing temperature to the dewaxing temperature; adding said aqueous solution to said solvent-wax-oil mixture, at the dewaxing temperature, in an amount Varying between about 25 per cent and about '75 per cent, based on the weight cf the wax-oil mixture, to produce an aqueous solution-solvent-wax-oil mixture; agitating said aqueous solution-solventwax-oil mixture at the dewaxing temperature, in the presence of a wax phenol (1-11)` sodium sulfonate in amounts varying between about 0.3 per cent and about three per cent, based on the weight of the wax-oil mixture, to produce a dispersion in which the aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and the solvent-wax-oil mixture is the continuous phase, and to associate wax with said dispersed phase, thereby producing a dispersed wax-aqueous solution phase; and separating said dispersed wax-aqueous solution phase from said dispersion. l Y

12. A process for separating wax and oil from a wax-oil mixture, which comprises adding a solvent to said wax-oil mixture to produce a solventwax-oil mixture; adding an aqueous solution, which is capable of remaining in substantially the liquid state at the dewaxing temperature, to said solvent-wax-oil mixture, in an amount varying between about 25 per cent and about '75 per cent, based on the weight of the wax-oil mixture, to produce an aqueous solution-solvent-wax-oil mixture; agitating said aqueous solution-solventwax-oil mixture, in the presence of sorbitan monostearate in amounts varying between about 0.3 per cent and about three per cent, based on the weight of the wax-oil mixture, to produce a dispersion in which the aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and the solvent-wax-oil mixture is the continuous phase; cooling said dispersion to the dewaxing temperature to precipitate wax; continuing said agitating to associate wax with said dispersed phase and to produce a dispersed wax-aqueous solution phase; and separating said dispersed wax-aqueous solution phase from said dispersion.

13. A process for separating wax and oil from a wax-oil mixture, which ,comprises adding a solvent to said wax-oil mixture to produce a solvent-wax-oil mixture; cooling said solvent-waxoil mixture to the dewaxing temperature to precipitate wax; cooling an aqueous solution which is capable of remaining in substantially the liquid state at the dewaxing temperature to the dewaxing temperature; adding said aqueous solution to said solvent-wax-oil mixture, at the dewaxing temperature, in an aiiount varying between about 25 per cent and about 75 per cent, based on the weight of the wax-oil mixture, to produce an aqueous solution-solvent-wax-oil mixture; agitating said aqueous solution-solventwax-oil mixture atthe dewaxing temperature, in the presence of sorbitan monostearate in amounts varying between at least about 0.3 per cent and about three per cent, based on the weight of the Wax-oil mixture, to produce a dispersion inv which the aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and the solvent-wax-oil mixture is the continuous phase, and to associate wax with said dispersed phase, thereby producing a dispersed wax-aqueous solution phase; and separating said dispersed wax-aqueous solution phase from said dispersion.

HAROLD C. MYERS.

ARNOLD O. PUKKILA.

THEODOR A. PETRY.

References Cited in the le 0f this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 2,153,895 McKittrick et al. Apr. 11, 1939 2,161,581 Knowles June 6, 1939 2,164,013 Jenkins June 27, 1939 2,168,306 Schutte Aug. 1, 1939 2,263,535 Carr et al Nov. 18, 1941 

1. A PROCESS FOR SEPARATING WAX AND OIL FROM A WAX-OIL MIXTURE, WHICH COMPRISES ADDING AN AQUEOUS SOLUTION, WHICH IS CAPABLE OF REMAINING IN SUBSTANTIALLY THE LIQUID STATE AT THE DEWAXING TEMPERATURE, TO SAID WAX-OIL MIXTURE, IN AN AMOUNT VARYING BETWEEN ABOUT ONE PER CENT AND ABOUT 200 PER CENT, BASED ON THE WEIGHT OF THE WAX-OIL MIXTURE, TO PRODUCE AN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONWAX-OIL MIXTURE; TREATING SAID AQUEOUS SOLUTIONWAX-OIL MIXTURE, IN THE PRESENCE OF A SURFACE ACTIVE AGENT THAT PRODUCES A FINITE THREE-PHASE CONTACT ANGLE IN THE BUBBLE MACHINE TEST AT THE DEWAXING TEMPERATURE IN AMOUNTS OF AT LEAST ABOUT 0.01 PER CENT, BASED ON THE WEIGHT OF THE WAX-OIL, MIXTURE, BUT LESS THAN THE AMOUNT NECESSARY TO PROMOTE FORMATION OF A WAX-OIL MIXTUREIN-AQUEOUS SOLUTION EMULSION IN WHICH TEH AQUEOUS SOLUTION IS THE CONTINUOUS PHASE, TO PRODUCE A DISPERSION IN WHICH THE AQUEOUS SOLUTION IS THE DISPERSED PHASE AND THE WAX-OIL MIXTURE IS THE 